Isakhiwo esenziwe kwangaphambili

Isakhiwo esenziwe kwangaphambili

Isakhiwo esenziwe kwangaphambili, ngokungekho sikweni i-prefab, sisakhiwo esenziwayo kwaye sakhiwe kusetyenziswa i-prefabrication.Iquka izinto ezenziwe ngumzi-mveliso okanye iiyunithi ezithuthwayo zize zidityaniswe esizeni ukuze zenze isakhiwo esipheleleyo.

Izakhiwo ziye zakhiwa kwindawo enye zaza zadityaniswa kwenye ukutyhubela imbali.Oku bekuyinyani ngakumbi kwimisebenzi yeselula, okanye kwiindawo ezintsha zokuhlala.I-Elmina Castle, inqaba yokuqala yamakhoboka eNtshona Afrika, yayisesona sakhiwo sokuqala saseYurophu esenziwe ngaphambili kwi-Sub-saharan Afrika. ngokukhawuleza yachithwa kwaye yashukunyiswa kanye kanye.UJohn Rollo wachaza ngo-1801 ukusetyenziswa kwangaphambili kwezakhiwo zesibhedlele eziphathwayo eWest Indies. [2]Kusenokwenzeka ukuba indlu yokuqala epapashiweyo yayiyi-“Manning cottage”.Umchweli waseLondon, uHenry Manning, wakha indlu eyakhiwe ngokwenxalenye, yaza yathunyelwa ngenqanawa yaza yadityaniswa ngabafuduki baseBritani.Oku kwapapashwa ngelo xesha (intengiso, iRekhodi yaseMzantsi Australia, ngo-1837) kwaye abambalwa basamile e-Australia.Enye enjalo yiNdlu yeeNtlanganiso zaBahlobo, eAdelaide. [4][5]Incopho yonyaka yokungeniswa kwezakhiwo eziphathwayo eOstreliya yaba ngowe-1853, xa kwafika amakhulu aliqela.Ezi ziye zachongwa njengezivela eLiverpool, eBoston naseSingapore (kunye nemiyalelo yaseTshayina yokuhlanganisana kwakhona).[6]EBarbados indlu yaseChattel yayiluhlobo lwesakhiwo esakhiweyo esaphuhliswa ngamakhoboka akhululweyo awayenamalungelo alinganiselweyo okwakha kumhlaba abangenawo.Njengoko ezo zakhiwo zazifuduseka zazigqalwa ngokusemthethweni njengeencoko.[7]

Ngo-1855 ngexesha leMfazwe yaseCrimea, emva kokuba uFlorence Nightingale ebhale ileta eya kwiThe Times, i-Isambard Kingdom uBrunel wayalelwa ukuba ayile isibhedlele esilungiselelwe imodyuli.Kwiinyanga ezintlanu wayila iSibhedlele saseRenkioi: isibhedlele sezigulana ezili-1,000, esineendlela ezintsha zogutyulo, ukungenisa umoya kunye nendlu yangasese egungxulwayo.[8]Umfaki-mveliso uWilliam Eassie wakha iiyunithi ezili-16 ezifunekayo eGloucester Docks, zathunyelwa ngqo eDardanelles.Isetyenziswe kuphela ukusuka ngoMatshi 1856 ukuya kuSeptemba 1857, yanciphisa izinga lokufa ukusuka kwi-42% ukuya kwi-3.5%.

Iibhloko zokuqala zehlabathi ezenziwe ngaphambili, ezifakwe ngaphambili ezenziwe ngephaneli zaba ngoovulindlela eLiverpool.Inkqubo yaqanjwa yinjineli yesixeko uJohn Alexander Brodie, onobuchule bakhe bokusungula naye owamenza waqulunqa umnatha wokukora webhola.Izitali zetram eWalton eLiverpool zalandela ngo-1906. Le ngcamango ayizange yamkelwe ngokubanzi eBritani, nangona kunjalo yamkelwa ngokubanzi kwenye indawo, ngakumbi eMpuma Yurophu.

Kwaveliswa amakhaya asele enziwe ngexesha leGold Rush eUnited States, xa iikhithi zaveliswa ukwenzela ukuba abakhangeli baseCalifornian bakwazi ukwakha ngokukhawuleza indawo yokuhlala.Amakhaya ayefumaneka kwifomu yekiti nge-odolo yeposi eUnited States ngo-1908. [9]

Izindlu ezakhiwe ngaphambili zazithandwa ngexesha leMfazwe yeSibini yeHlabathi ngenxa yesidingo sendawo yokuhlala enkulu yabasebenzi basemkhosini.IUnited States yasebenzisa izindlu zaseQuonset njengezakhiwo zomkhosi, kwaye eUnited Kingdom izakhiwo ezakhe zasetyenziswa zaziquka iiNissen huts kunye neBellman Hangars.'Ii-Prefabs' zakhiwa emva kwemfazwe njengendlela yokubonelela ngokukhawuleza nangexabiso eliphantsi ngezindlu ezisemgangathweni njengendawo yokuthatha indawo yezindlu ezatshatyalaliswa ngexesha leBlitz.Ukwanda kolwakhiwo lwezindlu ezisele zilungisiwe kulo lonke ilizwe kube sisiphumo seKomiti yaseBurt kunye noMthetho weZindlu (iNdawo yokuHlala yeThutyana) 1944. Phantsi kwenkqubo yolwakhiwo lwezindlu yabucala kunye nolwakhiwo lwabucala, phantsi kwenkqubo yolwakhiwo lwezindlu lwabucala kunye nolwakhiwo. iinkampani.Emva kokuvunywa yi-MoW, iinkampani zinokubhida kwizikim zophuhliso ezikhokelwa liBhunga, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimihlaba epheleleyo yezakhiwo ezakhelwe ukubonelela ngendawo yokuhlala kwabo baye bangenamakhaya ngenxa yeMfazwe kunye nokususwa kwetyotyombe okuqhubekayo.[10]Phantse i-160,000 yakhiwe e-UK ngo-1948 ngeendleko ezikufutshane ne-£ 216 yezigidi.Esona sakhiwo sikhulu se-prefab e-Britane [11] yayise-Belle Vale (eMazantsi eLiverpool), apho ngaphezulu kwe-1,100 yakhiwa emva kweMfazwe yeHlabathi yesi-2. ixesha.
I-Amersham Prefab (COAM)-igumbi langaphambili elibonisa umlilo oqinileyo
Iiprefabs zazijoliswe kwiintsapho, kwaye ngokwesiqhelo zineholo yokungena, amagumbi amabini okulala (abazali nabantwana), igumbi lokuhlambela (igumbi elinebhafu) - eyayiyinoveli entsha kubantu abaninzi baseBritane ngelo xesha, indlu yangasese eyahlukileyo, igumbi lokuhlala. kunye nekhitshi elixhotyisiweyo (elingafakwanga ngendlela yale mihla).Izinto zokwakha zazibandakanya intsimbi, ialuminiyam, amaplanga okanye iasbestos, kuxhomekeke kuhlobo lwendawo yokuhlala.I-aluminiyam Uhlobo lwe-B2 prefab yaveliswa njengamacandelo amane adityaniswe kwangaphambili anokuhanjiswa ngelori naphi na elizweni.[12]
Ikhitshi lase-Amersham Prefab's (COAM)-ebonisa i-Belling cooker, i-Ascot yokuhlamba iheater kunye nefriji
I-Universal House (ekumfanekiso osekhohlo & negumbi lokuphumla ngasekunene) yanikezelwa kwiMyuziyam yaseChiltern Open Air emva kweminyaka engama-40 yokusetyenziswa kwexeshana.I-Mark 3 yenziwe yi-Universal Housing Company Ltd, e-Rickmansworth.

I-United States yasebenzisa izindlu ezilungiselelwe amajoni ngexesha lemfazwe kunye nee-GIs ezibuyela ekhaya.Amagumbi okufundela e-Prefab ayethandwa kakhulu ngezikolo zase-UK zonyusa ii-rolls zazo ngexesha lokukhula komntwana ngeminyaka yee-1950 kunye nee-1960.

Izakhiwo ezininzi zaziyilwe zaza zanobomi beminyaka emihlanu ukuya kwelishumi, kodwa ziye zagqitha lee, nenani elisaphilayo namhlanje.Ngokomzekelo, ngowama-2002 isixeko saseBristol sasinabahlali abahlala kwimizekelo engama-700.[13]Amabhunga amaninzi ase-UK akwinkqubo yokudiliza imizekelo yokugqibela eseleyo yeMfazwe yesiBini yeHlabathi ye-prefabs ukuze ihambelane ne-Decent Homes Standards karhulumente wase-Bhritane, eyaqala ukusebenza ngo-2010. Kukho, nangona kunjalo, kubekho imvuselelo yamva nje kwiindlela ezenziwe ngaphambili. wokwakha ukuze kuhlawulelwe ukunqongophala kwezindlu eUnited Kingdom ngoku.

Ii-Prefabs kunye nentshukumo yanamhlanje

Abayili bezakhiwo badibanisa uyilo lwale mihla kwizindlu ezisele zenziwe namhlanje.Izindlu ezandulelayo akufunekanga ziphinde zithelekiswe nekhaya elihambahambayo ngokwembonakalo, kodwa naleyo yoyilo oluntsonkothileyo lwale mihla.[14]Kukwakho ukwanda kokusetyenziswa kwezinto “eziluhlaza” ekwakhiweni kwezi zindlu zangaphambili.Abathengi banokukhetha ngokulula phakathi kokugqitywa kweendawo ezahlukeneyo zokusingqongileyo kunye neenkqubo zodonga.Ekubeni la makhaya akhiwe ngokwamacandelo, kulula kumnini-ndlu ukongeza amagumbi ongezelelweyo okanye iipaneli zelanga kumaphahla.Izindlu ezininzi ze-prefab zinokulungiswa kwindawo ethile yomthengi kunye nemozulu, zenza amakhaya e-prefab aguquke ngakumbi kwaye anamhlanje kunangaphambili.

Kukho i-zeitgeist okanye umkhwa kwizangqa zezoyilo kwaye umoya weminyaka uthanda i-carbon footprint encinci ye "prefab".

Ukusebenza kakuhle
Inkqubo yokwakhiwa kwezakhiwo ezenziwe ngaphambili iye yasebenza kakuhle eTshayina kangangokuba umakhi waseChangsha wakha isakhiwo esinemigangatho elishumi kwiiyure ezingama-28 kunye nemizuzu engama-45.[15][16]

Kumazwe obukomanisi
Amazwe amaninzi akwimpuma Yurophu aye wonakala ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi II kwaye uqoqosho lwawo lwalukwimeko embi kakhulu.Kwakufuneka kuphinde kwakhiwe izixeko ezonakele kakhulu ngenxa yemfazwe.Umzekelo, iWarsaw yatshatyalaliswa phantsi phantsi kokutshatyalaliswa okucetyiweyo kweWarsaw yimikhosi yaseJamani emva koKuvukelwa kweWarsaw ngowe-1944.Umbindi weDresden, eJamani, wawutshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo ziziqhushumbisi eziManyeneyo ngowe-1945.I-Stalingrad yatshatyalaliswa kakhulu kwaye kuphela inani elincinci lezakhiwo ezishiywe zimile.

Izakhiwo ezisele zenziwe zasebenza njengendlela engabizi kwaye ekhawulezayo yokunciphisa ukunqongophala okukhulu kwezindlu okuhambelana nokutshatyalaliswa kwexesha lemfazwe kunye nokufudukela ezidolophini ezinkulu kunye nokuhamba ngeenqwelo zasemaphandleni.