umbhobho wentsimbi

Umbhobho
Umbhobho licandelo le-tubular okanye i-cylinder evulekileyo, ngokuqhelekileyo kodwa kungekhona i-circular cross-section, isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ukuhambisa izinto ezinokuhamba - ulwelo kunye neegesi (i-fluids), i-slurries, i-powders kunye nobunzima bezinto ezincinci ezincinci.Ingasetyenziselwa usetyenziso lwezakhiwo;umbhobho ongenanto uqine kakhulu ngeyunithi nganye ubunzima kunamalungu aqinileyo.

Ukusetyenziswa okuqhelekileyo amagama umbhobho kunye ityhubhu ahlala etshintshiselwa, kodwa kushishino kunye nobunjineli, amagama achazwe ngokukodwa.Ngokuxhomekeke kumgangatho osebenzayo owenziwe kuwo, umbhobho ngokuqhelekileyo uchazwe ngobubanzi obuqhelekileyo kunye nobubanzi obungaphandle (OD) kunye neshedyuli echaza ubukhulu.Umbhobho udla ngokuchazwa yi-OD kunye nobukhulu bodonga, kodwa inokuchazwa naziphi na ezimbini ze-OD, ngaphakathi kwe-ID (ID), kunye nobukhulu bodonga.Umbhobho wenziwa ngomnye wemigangatho yemizi-mveliso yamazwe ngamazwe neyelizwe.[1]Ngelixa imigangatho efanayo ikhona kwityhubhu yesicelo soshishino oluthile, ityhubhu isoloko isenziwa kubungakanani besiko kunye noluhlu olubanzi lweediameter kunye nokunyamezelana.Imigangatho emininzi yemizi-mveliso kunye norhulumente ikhona kwimveliso yombhobho kunye ne-tubing.Igama elithi "ityhubhu" likwasetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kumacandelo angengawo-cylindrical, oko kukuthi, iityhubhu zesikwere okanye ezixande.Ngokuqhelekileyo, igama elithi “umbhobho” lelona gama lixhaphakileyo kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi, ngoxa elithi “umbhobho” lisetyenziswa kakhulu eUnited States.

Zombini “umbhobho” kunye “netyhubhu” zithetha inqanaba lobungqongqo kunye nokungaguquki, ngelixa umbhobho (okanye umbhobho) udla ngokuphatheka kwaye ubhetyebhetye.Iindibano zemibhobho zisoloko zakhiwe ngokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo ezinje ngeengqiniba, iitiyi, njalo njalo, ngelixa ityhubhu inokwakheka okanye igotywe kuqwalaselo lwesiko.Kwizinto ezingenakuguquguquka, ezingenakuqulunqwa, okanye apho ukwakhiwa kulawulwa iikhowudi okanye imigangatho, iindibano zetyhubhu nazo zakhiwe ngokusetyenziswa kwe-tube fittings.

Usebenzisa
Ukufakwa kwemibhobho kwisitrato saseBelo Horizonte, eBrazil
Imibhobho yamanzi
Amanzi etephu
Ukunkcenkceshela
Imibhobho ethutha irhasi okanye ulwelo kwimigama emide
Iinkqubo zomoya ezicinezelweyo
Ibhokisi yokubeka iimfumba zekhonkrithi ezisetyenziswa kwiiprojekthi zokwakha
Iinkqubo zokuvelisa ubushushu obuphezulu okanye uxinzelelo oluphezulu
Ishishini lepetroleum:
Isingxobo se-oyile
Izixhobo zokucoca i-oyile
Ukuhanjiswa kolwelo, nokuba yigesi okanye ulwelo, kwiplanti yenkqubo ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwelinye inqaku kwinkqubo
Ukuhanjiswa kwezinto eziqinileyo ezininzi, kukutya okanye kwisityalo senkqubo ukusuka kwindawo ukuya kwelinye kwindawo kwinkqubo
Ukwakhiwa kweenqanawa zokugcina uxinzelelo oluphezulu (qaphela ukuba iinqanawa ezinkulu zoxinzelelo zakhiwe kwi-plate, kungekhona umbhobho ngenxa yobunzima bodonga kunye nobukhulu).
Ukongezelela, imibhobho isetyenziselwa iinjongo ezininzi ezingabandakanyi ukuhambisa ulwelo.I-Handrails, i-scaffolding, kunye nezakhiwo zenkxaso zihlala zakhiwe kumbhobho wolwakhiwo, ngakumbi kwindawo yoshishino.

Ukwenziwa
Inqaku eliphambili: Umzobo wombhobho
Kukho iinkqubo ezintathu zokwenza imibhobho yesinyithi.Ukujulwa kumbindi wentsimbi eshushu edibeneyo yenye yeyona nkqubo igqamileyo.

Umbhobho ongenamthungo (SMLS) wenziwe ngokuzoba ibhilethi eqinileyo phezu kwentonga yokugqobhoza ukwenza iqokobhe elinomgongxo kwinkqubo ebizwa ngokuba kukugqobhoza okujikelezayo.Njengoko inkqubo yokuvelisa ingabandakanyi nayiphi na i-welding, imibhobho engenamthungo ibonwa ukuba yomelele kwaye inokwethenjelwa.Ngokwembali, umbhobho ongenamthungo wawuthathwa njengokumelana noxinzelelo olungcono kunezinye iindidi, kwaye wawusoloko ufumaneka ngakumbi kunombhobho odityanisiweyo.

Inkqubela phambili ukususela kwiminyaka yee-1970 kwizinto eziphathekayo, ulawulo lwenkqubo, kunye novavanyo olungonakalisi, vumela umbhobho odityanisiweyo ochazwe ngokuchanekileyo ukuba uthathe indawo engenamthungo kwizicelo ezininzi.Umbhobho odityanisiweyo wenziwa ngokuqengqeleka kwepleyiti kunye nokuwelda umthungo (ngokuqhelekileyo nge-Electric resistance welding (“ERW”), okanye i-Electric Fusion Welding (“EFW”)).I-weld flash inokususwa kuyo yomibini imiphezulu yangaphakathi nangaphandle kusetyenziswa iblade yesikhafu.Indawo ye-weld inokuphinda iphathwe ubushushu ukwenza umthungo ungabonakali.Umbhobho odityanisiweyo ukholisa ukuba nokunyamezela okuqinileyo kunohlobo olungenamthungo, kwaye kungabizi kakhulu ukuwenza.

Kukho inani leenkqubo ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe ukuvelisa imibhobho ye-ERW.Nganye kwezi nkqubo zikhokelela ekudibaniseni okanye ukudibanisa amacandelo ensimbi kwimibhobho.Umsinga wombane ugqithiswa kwindawo ekufuneka idityaniswe kunye;njengoko amacandelo adityanisiweyo kunye amelana nombane, ubushushu buveliswa obumba i-weld.Amachibi esinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo akhiwe apho iindawo ezimbini zidityaniswe njengoko umbane onamandla udlula kwisinyithi;ezi dama zentsimbi etyhidiweyo zenza i-weld edibanisa amacandelo amabini adibeneyo.

Imibhobho ye-ERW yenziwa ukusuka kwi-welding longitudinal yentsimbi.Inkqubo yokuwelda imibhobho ye-ERW iyaqhubeka, ngokuchasene nokuwelda kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo ngamaxesha.Inkqubo ye-ERW isebenzisa ikhoyili yentsimbi njenge-feedstock.
Inkqubo ye-welding ye-High Frequency Induction Technology (HFI) isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa imibhobho ye-ERW.Kule nkqubo, i-current to weld pipe isetyenziswe nge-coil induction ejikeleze ityhubhu.I-HFI ngokuqhelekileyo ithathwa njengeyona nto iphezulu kwi-ERW "eqhelekileyo" xa kuveliswa imibhobho yezicelo ezibalulekileyo, ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwecandelo lamandla, ukongeza kwezinye izinto ezisetyenziswayo kwizicelo zemibhobho yomgca, kunye ne-casing kunye ne-tubing.
Umbhobho wobubanzi obukhulu (iisentimitha ezingama-25 (10 ngaphakathi) okanye ngaphezulu) unokuba yi-ERW, EFW okanye i-Submerged Arc Welded (“SAW”) umbhobho.Kukho iiteknoloji ezimbini ezinokusetyenziswa ukwenza imibhobho yentsimbi yobukhulu obukhulu kunemibhobho yentsimbi enokuveliswa ngeenkqubo ezingenamthungo kunye ne-ERW.Iindidi ezimbini zemibhobho eveliswa ngobu buchwepheshe yi-longitudinal-submerged arc-welded (LSAW) kunye ne-spiral-submerged arc-welded (SSAW) imibhobho.I-LSAW zenziwe ngokugoba kunye nokuwelda iipleyiti zentsimbi ezibanzi kwaye zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwizicelo zeshishini leoli negesi.Ngenxa yeendleko zayo eziphezulu, imibhobho ye-LSAW ayifane isetyenziswe kwixabiso eliphantsi lezinto ezingezizo ezombane ezifana nemibhobho yamanzi.Imibhobho ye-SSAW iveliswa yi-spiral (i-helicoidal) ye-welding ye-coil yensimbi kwaye inenzuzo yeendleko phezu kwemibhobho ye-LSAW, njengoko inkqubo isebenzisa iikhoyili kuneepleyiti zentsimbi.Ngokunjalo, kwizicelo apho i-spiral-weld yamkelweyo, imibhobho ye-SSAW inokukhethwa kunemibhobho ye-LSAW.Yomibini imibhobho ye-LSAW kunye nemibhobho ye-SSAW ikhuphisana nemibhobho ye-ERW kunye nemibhobho engenamthungo kuluhlu lwedayamitha ye-16"-24".

Ityhubhu yokuqukuqela, nokuba yintsimbi okanye iplastiki, ikhutshwa ngokubanzi
Izinto eziphathekayo

Imibhobho yamanzi embali esuka ePhiladelphia yayiquka imibhobho yeplanga
Umbhobho wenziwa ngeendidi ezininzi zemathiriyeli kuquka i-ceramic, iglasi, i-fiberglass, iintsimbi ezininzi, ikhonkrithi kunye neplastiki.Ngaphambili, iinkuni kunye nelothe (iplambum yesiLatini, elivela kuyo igama elithi 'imibhobho') zazisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo imibhobho yentsimbi yenziwa ngentsimbi okanye intsimbi, njengentsimbi engekagqitywa, emnyama (i-lacquer), intsimbi yekhabhoni, intsimbi engaxutywanga, intsimbi ekhandiweyo, ubhedu, kunye nentsimbi yentsimbi.Imibhobho yesinyithi esekwe kwintsimbi iphantsi kokuhlwa ukuba isetyenziswe kumlambo wamanzi aneoksijini eninzi.[2]Umbhobho we-aluminiyam okanye iityhubhu ingasetyenziswa apho intsimbi ingahambelani nolwelo lwenkonzo okanye apho ubunzima buxhalabisayo;i-aluminiyam ikwasetyenziselwa ukuhambisa iityhubhu zobushushu ezifana neenkqubo zesikhenkcisi.Iityhubhu zobhedu zithandwa kakhulu kumanzi asekhaya (aselwayo) iinkqubo zemibhobho yamanzi;ubhedu lunokusetyenziswa apho ukuhanjiswa kobushushu kunqweneleka (oko kukuthi iiradiyetha okanye iiradiyetha).I-Inconel, i-chrome moly, kunye ne-titanium steel alloys zisetyenziselwa ukushisa okuphezulu kunye noxinzelelo lwemibhobho kwinkqubo kunye nezixhobo zamandla.Xa ucacisa i-alloys kwiinkqubo ezintsha, imiba eyaziwayo ye-creep kunye ne-sensitization effect kufuneka ithathelwe ingqalelo.

Imibhobho yelothe isafumaneka kwiinkqubo ezindala zokuhambisa amanzi ezindlini nakwezinye, kodwa azisavumelekanga kufakelo olutsha lwemibhobho yamanzi aselwayo ngenxa yobutyhefu bayo.Iikhowudi zokwakha ezininzi ngoku zifuna ukuba imibhobho yelothe kwindawo yokuhlala okanye yofakelo lweziko itshintshwe ngemibhobho engeyotyhefu okanye imibhobho yangaphakathi inyangwe nge-asidi ye-phosphoric.Ngokomphandi ophezulu kunye nengcali ekhokelayo kunye neCanadian Environmental Law Association, "...akukho nqanaba elikhuselekileyo lelothe [lokuvezwa komntu]".[3]Ngo-1991 i-US EPA yakhupha iNkokeli kunye noMgaqo weCopper, ngummiselo wobumbano othintela ukuxinana kwelothe kunye nobhedu oluvumelekileyo kumanzi okusela kawonkewonke, kunye nenani elivumelekileyo lokubola kwemibhobho ngenxa yamanzi ngokwawo.E-US kuqikelelwa ukuba i-6.5 yezigidi zeentambo zenkonzo ezikhokelayo (imibhobho edibanisa imibhobho yamanzi kwimibhobho yamanzi yasekhaya) efakwe ngaphambi koo-1930 isasebenza.[4]

Ityhubhu yePlastiki isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kubunzima bayo obulula, ukuxhathisa iikhemikhali, iipropathi ezingonakalisi, kunye nokulula ukwenza unxibelelwano.Izinto zePlastiki ziquka i-polyvinyl chloride (PVC), [5] i-polyvinyl chloride (i-CPVC), iplastiki yefayibha eyomeleziweyo (FRP), [6] udaka lwepolymer eyomeleziweyo (RPMP), [6] i-polypropylene (PP), i-polyethylene (PE), umnqamlezo -ihlanganiswe i-polyethylene ephezulu (PEX), i-polybutylene (PB), kunye ne-acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), umzekelo.Kumazwe amaninzi, imibhobho PVC akhawunti izinto ezininzi umbhobho ezisetyenziswa kwizicelo zikamasipala wangcwatywa ukuhanjiswa kwamanzi okusela kunye nemibhobho yamanzi amdaka.[5]Abaphandi bemakethi baqikelela ingeniso yehlabathi engaphezulu kwe-US$80 yeebhiliyoni ngo-2019. [7]EYurophu, ixabiso lemarike liya kuxabisa malunga.I-12.7 yeebhiliyoni zee-euro ngo-2020 [8]

Umbhobho unokwenziwa ngekhonkrithi okanye nge-ceramic, ngokuqhelekileyo ukwenzela izicelo zoxinzelelo oluphantsi ezifana nokuhamba komxhuzulane okanye ukuhambisa amanzi.Imibhobho yogutyulo lwelindle isenziwa ubukhulu becala kwikhonkrithi okanye ngodongwe olunevitrified.Ikhonkrithi eyomeleziweyo ingasetyenziselwa imibhobho yekhonkrithi enobubanzi obukhulu.Le mpahla yombhobho ingasetyenziselwa kwiindidi ezininzi zokwakha, kwaye isoloko isetyenziselwa ukuthuthwa kwe-gravity-flow yamanzi esiqhwithi.Ngokuqhelekileyo umbhobho onjalo uya kuba nentsimbi yokufumana okanye i-steped fitting, eneendlela ezahlukeneyo zokutywina ezisetyenziswa kufakelo.

Ukulandeleka kunye nokwaziswa kwezinto ezilungileyo (PMI)
Xa ii-alloys zemibhobho zenziwe, iimvavanyo ze-metallurgical zenziwa ukumisela ukubunjwa kwezinto nge-% yezinto zekhemikhali nganye kwimibhobho, kwaye iziphumo zirekhodwa kwiNgxelo yoVavanyo lweMaterial (MTR).Ezi mvavanyo zingasetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukuba i-alloy ihambelana neenkcukacha ezahlukeneyo (umz. 316 SS).Iimvavanyo zigxivizwa lisebe le-QA/QC lendawo yokusila kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukulandelela izinto ezibuyela kwindawo yokusila ngabasebenzisi bexesha elizayo, abafana nemibhobho kunye nabavelisi bokufakela.Ukugcina umkhondo phakathi kwezinto ze-alloy kunye ne-MTR ehambelana nayo ngumba obalulekileyo wokuqinisekisa umgangatho.I-QA isoloko ifuna ukuba inombolo yobushushu ibhalwe kumbhobho.Kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo okuthintela ukuqaliswa kwezixhobo zomgunyathi.Njenge-backup to etching/labeling of the material uchonga on the pipe, positive material identification (PMI) yenziwa kusetyenziswa isixhobo esiphathwa ngesandla;isixhobo siskena imathiriyeli yombhobho sisebenzisa amaza ombane okhutshwayo (x-reyi fluorescence/XRF) kwaye sifumana impendulo ehlalutywe ngokubonakalayo.

Ubukhulu
Inqaku eliphambili: Ubungakanani bombhobho oqhelekileyo
Ubungakanani bombhobho bunokubhida kuba isigama sinokunxulumana nemilinganiselo yembali.Umzekelo, umbhobho wentsimbi onesiqingatha se-intshi awunayo nayiphi na imilinganiselo eyisiqingatha se-intshi.Ekuqaleni, umbhobho owawunesiqingatha seesentimitha wawunobubanzi obuziimilimitha ezili-13—kodwa wawuneendonga ezingqindilili.Njengoko ubuchwephesha buphucukile, iindonga ezibhityileyo zaba nokwenzeka, kodwa i-diameter yangaphandle yahlala ifana ukuze ikwazi ukuhlangana nombhobho omdala osele ukho, inyusa i-diameter yangaphakathi ngaphaya kwesiqingatha se-intshi.Imbali yombhobho wobhedu iyafana.Ngeminyaka yee-1930, lo mbhobho wamiselwa ngokwedayamitha yawo yangaphakathi kunye ne-1⁄16-intshi (1.6 mm) ubukhulu bodonga.Ngenxa yoko, umbhobho wobhedu oyi-intshi enye (25 mm) wawunobubanzi obuyi-1+1⁄8-intshi (28.58 mm) ngaphandle.Idayamitha engaphandle yayiyeyona nto ibalulekileyo yokukhwelana nezifakelo.Ubukhulu bodonga kubhedu lwanamhlanje budla ngokuba ncinane kune-1⁄16-intshi (1.6 mm), ngoko ke idiameter yangaphakathi “yi-nominal” kuphela kunokuba ibe yi-controlling dimension.[9]Iitekhnoloji zemibhobho emitsha ngamanye amaxesha zamkela inkqubo yokulinganisa njengeyayo.Umbhobho wePVC usebenzisa ubungakanani bombhobho oqhelekileyo.

Ubungakanani bombhobho buchazwe ngenani lemigangatho yelizwe kunye namazwe ngamazwe, kuquka i-API 5L, i-ANSI / ASME B36.10M kunye ne-B36.19M e-US, i-BS 1600 kunye ne-BS EN 10255 e-United Kingdom naseYurophu.

Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziqhelekileyo zokuyila umbhobho ongaphandle kwedayimitha (OD).Indlela yaseMntla Melika ibizwa ngokuba yi-NPS (“Ubungakanani boMbhobho oLungileyo”) kwaye isekwe kwi-intshi (ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-NB (“Nominal Bore”)).Inguqulelo yaseYurophu ibizwa ngokuba yi-DN ("I-Diametre Nominal" / "I-Nominal Diameter") kwaye isekelwe kwiimilimitha.Ukuyila i-diameter yangaphandle ivumela imibhobho yobukhulu obufanayo ukuba ilungelelanise kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni ubukhulu bodonga.

Ngobungakanani bombhobho ongaphantsi kwe-NPS 14 intshi (DN 350), zombini iindlela zinika ixabiso le-OD elisondeziweyo kwaye alifani ne-OD yokwenene.Ngokomzekelo, i-NPS 2 intshi kunye ne-DN 50 yipayipi efanayo, kodwa i-OD yangempela yi-intshi ye-2.375 okanye i-60.33 millimeters.Ekuphela kwendlela yokufumana eyona OD kukuyijonga kwitafile yereferensi.
Kubukhulu bombhobho we-NPS i-intshi eyi-14 (DN 350) kwaye ubukhulu becala ubukhulu be-NPS yidayamitha eyiyo kwii-intshi kwaye ubukhulu be-DN bulingana ne-NPS phinda-phinde ngama-25 (hayi 25.4) isondezwe kuphinda-phindo olufanelekileyo lwama-50. Umzekelo, i-NPS 14 ine i-OD yee-intshi ezili-14 okanye i-355.60 millimeters, kwaye ilingana ne-DN 350.
Ekubeni i-diameter yangaphandle imiselwe ubungakanani bombhobho obunikiweyo, ububanzi bangaphakathi buya kuhluka ngokuxhomekeke kudonga lombhobho.Umzekelo, 2″ Umbhobho weShedyuli wama-80 uneendonga ezityebileyo kwaye ngoko ke incinci ngaphakathi kwedayamitha kuno-2″ umbhobho weShedyuli engama-40.

Umbhobho wentsimbi uveliswe malunga neminyaka eyi-150.Ubungakanani bemibhobho esetyenziswayo namhlanje kwiPVC kunye negalvanized yayiyilwe ekuqaleni kwiminyaka eyadlulayo kumbhobho wentsimbi.Inkqubo yamanani, efana no-Sch 40, 80, 160, zamiselwa kudala kwaye zikhangeleka zingaqhelekanga.Umzekelo, umbhobho we-Sch 20 ubhitye ngakumbi kune-Sch 40, kodwa i-OD efanayo.Kwaye ngelixa le mibhobho isekelwe kubungakanani bemibhobho yentsimbi endala, kukho enye ipayipi, efana ne-cpvc yamanzi ashushu, esebenzisa ubungakanani bemibhobho, ngaphakathi nangaphandle, ngokusekelwe kwimigangatho yobungakanani bemibhobho yobhedu endaweni yentsimbi.

Kukho imigangatho emininzi eyahlukeneyo yobungakanani bemibhobho, kwaye ukuxhaphaka kwayo kuyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kushishino kunye nommandla wejografi.Ukutyunjwa kobungakanani bombhobho ngokubanzi kubandakanya amanani amabini;enye ebonisa umphandle (OD) okanye i-diameter yegama, kunye nenye ebonisa ubukhulu bodonga.Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, umbhobho waseMelika wawunobukhulu obuphakathi.Esi senzo sayekwa ukuze kuphuculwe ukuhambelana nokufakelwa kwemibhobho ekufuneka ngokuqhelekileyo ifanele i-OD yombhobho, kodwa ibe nempembelelo ehlala ihleli kwimigangatho yanamhlanje emhlabeni jikelele.

ENyakatho Melika kunye ne-UK, umbhobho woxinzelelo udla ngokuchazwa nguNominal Pipe Size (NPS) kunye neshedyuli (SCH).Ubungakanani bombhobho bubhalwe ngenani lemigangatho, kuquka i-API 5L, i-ANSI / ASME B36.10M (Itheyibhile 1) e-US, kunye ne-BS 1600 kunye ne-BS 1387 e-United Kingdom.Ngokuqhelekileyo ubukhulu bodonga lombhobho yinguqu elawulwayo, kwaye i-Inside Diameter (ID) ivumelekile ukuba ihluke.Ubukhulu bodonga lombhobho kunomahluko malunga neepesenti ze-12.5.

Kwilizwe liphela laseYurophu imibhobho yoxinzelelo isebenzisa ii-ID zemibhobho efanayo kunye nobukhulu bodonga njengoBubungakanani boMbhobho oQelekileyo, kodwa ileyibhelishwe ngeMetric Diameter Nominal (DN) endaweni ye-imperial NPS.Kwi-NPS enkulu kune-14, i-DN ilingana ne-NPS iphindaphindwe ngo-25. (Hayi 25.4) Oku kubhalwe ngu-EN 10255 (eyayisakuba yi-DIN 2448 kunye ne-BS 1387) kunye ne-ISO 65: 1981, kwaye ibizwa ngokuba yi-DIN okanye umbhobho we-ISO. .

IJapan ineseti yayo yobungakanani bombhobho oqhelekileyo, odla ngokubizwa ngokuba ngumbhobho we-JIS.

Ubungakanani bombhobho we-Iron (IPS) yinkqubo endala esasetyenziswa ngabanye abavelisi kunye nemizobo yelifa kunye nezixhobo.Inombolo ye-IPS iyafana nenombolo ye-NPS, kodwa iishedyuli bezikhawulelwe kwi-Standard Wall (STD), i-Extra Strong (XS), kunye ne-Double Extra Strong (XXS).I-STD iyafana ne-SCH 40 ye-NPS 1/8 ukuya kwi-NPS 10, iquka, kwaye ibonisa .375″ ubukhulu bodonga lwe-NPS 12 nangaphezulu.I-XS iyafana ne-SCH 80 ye-NPS 1/8 ukuya kwi-NPS 8, iquka, kwaye ibonisa .500″ ubukhulu bodonga lwe-NPS 8 nangaphezulu.Iinkcazo ezahlukeneyo zikhona kwi-XXS, nangona kunjalo ayisoze ifane ne-SCH 160. I-XXS ingqindilili kune-SCH 160 ye-NPS 1/8″ ukuya ku-6″ iqukiwe, kanti i-SCH 160 ijiyile kune-XXS ye-NPS 8″ kwaye inkulu.

Enye inkqubo endala yiDuctile Iron Pipe Size (DIPS), ene-OD ngokubanzi kune-IPS.

Ityhubhu yombhobho yobhedu kwindawo yokuhlala ilandela inkqubo yobungakanani obahluke ngokupheleleyo eMelika, edla ngokubizwa ngokuba yiCopper Tube Size (CTS);jonga inkqubo yamanzi asekhaya.Ubungakanani bayo obuqhelekileyo abukho ngaphakathi okanye ngaphandle kwedayamitha.Iityhubhu zePlastiki, ezinje ngePVC kunye neCPVC, kwizicelo zemibhobho nazo zinemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yokulinganisa[ayicacanga].

Ukusetyenziswa kwezolimo kusebenzisa iisayizi zePIP, ezimele uMbhobho wokunkcenkceshela wePlastiki.I-PIP iza kumazinga oxinzelelo lwe-22 psi (150 kPa), i-50 psi (340 kPa), i-80 psi (550 kPa), i-100 psi (690 kPa), kunye ne-125 psi (860 kPa) kwaye ifumaneka ngokubanzi kwi-diameter ye-6, 8, 10, 12, 15, 18, 21, kunye nee-intshi ezingama-24 (15, 20, 25, 30, 38, 46, 53, kunye ne-61 cm).

Imigangatho
Ukwenziwa kunye nofakelo lwemibhobho yoxinzelelo kulawulwa ngokuqinileyo yi-ASME "B31" yochungechunge lwekhowudi efana ne-B31.1 okanye i-B31.3 enesiseko sayo kwi-ASME Boiler kunye neKhowudi yeVessel yoxinzelelo (BPVC).Le khowudi inamandla omthetho eCanada nase-US.IYurophu kunye nehlabathi liphela linenkqubo elinganayo yeekhowudi.Imibhobho yoxinzelelo ngokuqhelekileyo ngumbhobho omele uthwale uxinzelelo olukhulu kune-10 ukuya kwi-25 atmospheres, nangona iinkcazo ziyahluka.Ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kwenkqubo, ukuveliswa, ukugcinwa, ukuwelda, ukuvavanywa, njl njl. yoxinzelelo lwemibhobho kufuneka ihlangabezane nemigangatho yomgangatho ongqongqo.

Imigangatho yokuvelisa kwimibhobho ngokuqhelekileyo ifuna uvavanyo lokubunjwa kweekhemikhali kunye noluhlu lweemvavanyo zamandla omatshini kubushushu bombhobho ngamnye.Ubushushu bombhobho bubunjwa buvela kwi-ingot enye, kwaye ngenxa yoko yayinemichiza efanayo.Iimvavanyo zoomatshini zinokunxulunyaniswa nombhobho omninzi, onokuthi uvele kubushushu obufanayo kwaye udlule kwiinkqubo ezifanayo zonyango lobushushu.Umenzi wenza olu vavanyo kwaye anike ingxelo yokubunjwa kwingxelo yokulandela umkhondo kunye novavanyo lomatshini kwingxelo yovavanyo lwezinto, zombini ezi zibhekiswa kwi-acronym MTR.Isixhobo esinezi ngxelo zovavanyo ezinxulumeneyo kuthiwa yi-traceable.Kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo, ukuqinisekiswa komntu wesithathu kolu vavanyo kunokufuneka;kulo mzekelo ilebhu ezimeleyo iya kuvelisa ingxelo yovavanyo lwezinto eziqinisekisiweyo (CMTR), kwaye izinto ziya kubizwa ngokuba ziqinisekisiwe.

Eminye imigangatho yemibhobho esetyenziswa ngokubanzi okanye iiklasi zemibhobho zezi:

Uluhlu lwe-API - ngoku i-ISO 3183. Umz: API 5L iBanga B - ngoku ISO L245 apho inani libonisa amandla esivuno kwiMPa
I-ASME SA106 iBanga B (umbhobho we-carbon steel ongenamthungo wenkonzo yobushushu obuphezulu)
I-ASTM A312 (umbhobho wentsimbi engenamthungo kunye ne-welded austenitic)
I-ASTM C76 (Umbhobho weConcrete)
ASTM D3033/3034 (PVC Pipe)
I-ASTM D2239 (iPolyethylene Pipe)
I-ISO 14692 (imizi-mveliso yepetroli kunye negesi yendalo. Iiplastiki ezomelezwe ngeglasi (GRP) imibhobho. Ukufaneleka kunye nokuveliswa)
I-ASTM A36 (umbhobho wentsimbi yeCarbon yokusetyenziswa kwesakhiwo okanye uxinzelelo oluphantsi)
I-ASTM A795 (umbhobho wentsimbi ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo zokutshiza umlilo)
I-API 5L yatshintshwa kwisiqingatha sesibini se-2008 ukuya kwi-44 kwi-edition ye-43 ukuze ifane ne-ISO 3183. Kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba utshintsho luye lwadala imfuno yokuba inkonzo emuncu, i-ERW pipe, idlule i-hydrogen induced cracking (HIC). ) uvavanyo ngokwe-NACE TM0284 nganye ukuze isetyenziselwe inkonzo emuncu.

ACPA [Umbutho weConcrete Pipe waseMelika]
AWWA [Umbutho weMisebenzi yaManzi waseMelika]
AWWA M45
Ukuhlohla
Ufakelo lwemibhobho ludla ngokubiza kakhulu kunemathiriyeli kwaye iintlobo ngeentlobo zezixhobo ezikhethekileyo, ubuchule, kunye namalungu aphuhlisiwe ukunceda oku.Imibhobho idla ngokusiwa kumthengi okanye kwindawo yempangelo “njengeentonga” okanye ubude bombhobho (obuqhelekile bungama-20 eemitha (6.1 m), ebizwa ngokuba yi-single random ubude) okanye zenziwe zakhiwe ngengqiniba, iintambo kunye neevalvu zibe ngumbhobho osele wakhiwe [Umbhobho. I-spool sisiqwenga sombhobho odityaniswe kwangaphambili kunye nezinto zokufakelwa, ezidla ngokulungiswa evenkileni ukuze ufakelo kwisiza sokwakha kube nokusebenza kakuhle.].Ngokuqhelekileyo, umbhobho ongaphantsi kwee-intshi ezi-2 (5.1 cm) awukho ngaphambili.I-spools yombhobho ngokuqhelekileyo ibhalwe ngekhowudi yebar kwaye iziphelo zifakwe (iplastiki) yokukhusela.Umbhobho kunye neespools zombhobho zihanjiswa kwindawo yokugcina impahla kumsebenzi omkhulu wezorhwebo / woshishino kwaye zinokugcinwa ngaphakathi okanye kwiyadi enegridi.Umbhobho okanye i-spool yombhobho uyabuyiswa, ubekwe eqongeni, ukhuhlwe, kwaye emva koko uphakanyiswe endaweni.Kwimisebenzi yenkqubo emikhulu unyuso lwenziwa kusetyenziswa iikhreyini kunye ne-hoist kunye nezinye izinto zokunyusa.Ngokuqhelekileyo zixhaswe okwexeshana kwisakhiwo sentsimbi kusetyenziswa i-clamps ye-beam, i-straps, kunye ne-hoist encinci kude kube yinkxaso yombhobho iqhotyoshelwe okanye ikhuselwe ngenye indlela.

Umzekelo wesixhobo esisetyenziselwa ukufakela umbhobho omncinci wemibhobho (iiphelo ezinemisonto) ngumbhobho wombhobho.Umbhobho omncinci awunzima kwaye unokuphakanyiswa endaweni ngumsebenzi wofakelo wobugcisa.Nangona kunjalo, ngexesha lokucinywa kwesityalo okanye ukuvala, umbhobho omncinci (omncinci) unokwakhiwa kwangaphambili ukukhawulezisa ukufakwa ngexesha lokucima.Emva kokuba umbhobho ufakwe uya kuvavanywa ukuvuza.Phambi kovavanyo kungafuneka ukuba icocwe ngokuvuthela umoya okanye umphunga okanye ngokugungxulwa ngolwelo.

Umbhobho uxhasa
Imibhobho idla ngokuxhaswa ukusuka ngezantsi okanye ixhonywe ukusuka phezulu (kodwa inokuxhaswa ukusuka ecaleni), isebenzisa izixhobo ezibizwa ngokuba ziinkxaso zemibhobho.Ukuxhasa kunokuba lula njengombhobho "isihlangu" esifana nesiqingatha se-I-beam edibeneyo phantsi kombhobho;zisenoku“xhonywa” kusetyenziswa iclevis, okanye ngohlobo lwesixhobo sokuxhoma esibizwa ngokuba zii-pipe hangers.Izixhaso zemibhobho yalo naluphi na uhlobo zinokubandakanya imithombo, i-snubbers, i-dampers, okanye indibaniselwano yezi zixhobo ukubuyisela ukwandiswa kwe-thermal, okanye ukubonelela ngokuzahlula kwe-vibration, ukulawulwa komothuko, okanye ukuncitshiswa kokungcangcazela kombhobho ngenxa yentshukumo yenyikima.Ezinye izidambisi manzi ziidashpot ezinolwelo, kodwa ezinye izidambisi zisenokuba zizixhobo ezisebenza ngoxinzelelo lwendalo olunezixokelelwano ezinobugocigoci ezisebenza ukuthomalalisa ukufuduka ngenxa yeentshukumo ezibekwe ngaphandle okanye ukothuka komatshini.Izindululo ezingafunekiyo zisenokuba yinkqubo ethathwe (efana nesixhobo sokusebenzisa ibhedi emanzi) okanye kwisenzeko sendalo esifana nenyikima (design basis event okanye iDBE).

Ii-hanger ze-pipe zidibanisa zivame ukudibaniswa kunye neentambo zombhobho.Ukuvezwa okunokwenzeka kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nemithwalo enzima kufuneka ifakwe xa kuchazwa ukuba zeziphi izibophelelo ezifunekayo.[10]

Ukujoyina
Inqaku eliphambili: Ukufakwa kwemibhobho kunye nemibhobho yamanzi
Imibhobho ngokuqhelekileyo idityaniswe nge-welding, isebenzisa ipayipi enentambo kunye nezixhobo;ukutywina udibaniso ngekhonkco lomsonto wombhobho, iPolytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Umsonto wetape yotywino, i-oakum, okanye intambo ye-PTFE, okanye ngokusebenzisa ukudityaniswa koomatshini.Imibhobho yenkqubo idla ngokudityaniswa nge-welding usebenzisa inkqubo ye-TIG okanye ye-MIG.Eyona nkqubo ixhaphakileyo yombhobho edibeneyo yi-butt weld.Iziphelo zombhobho oza kudityaniswa kufuneka zibe nolungiselelo oluthile lwe-weld olubizwa ngokuba yi-End Weld Prep (EWP) eqhelekile kwi-engile ye-37.5 degrees ukulungiselela i-filler weld metal.Intambo yombhobho eqhelekileyo eNyakatho Melika yiNqanawa yePipe yeSizwe (NPT) okanye i-Dryseal (NPTF) version.Ezinye iintambo zombhobho zibandakanya intambo yombhobho oqhelekileyo waseBrithani (BSPT), intambo yombhobho wegadi (GHT), kunye ne-fire hose coupling (NST).

Imibhobho yobhedu idla ngokudityaniswa ngokufakwa kwe-solder, ukubrawuza, ukucinezela, ukuvutha, okanye ukukrazula.Imibhobho yePlasitiki inokudityaniswa ngokudibanisa i-solvent, ukudibanisa ubushushu, okanye ukutywinwa kwe-elastomeric.

Ukuba ukuqhawulwa rhoqo kuya kufuneka, iiflange zepayipi ezifakwe kwi-gasket okanye izifakelo zomanyano zibonelela ngokuthembeka okungcono kunemicu.Eminye imibhobho enodonga olucekethekileyo yemathiriyeli ye-ductile, efana nekopolo emincinci okanye imibhobho yamanzi ethambileyo yeplastiki efumaneka kumakhaya abenzi bomkhenkce kunye nezifudumezi, umzekelo, inokudityaniswa nezifakeli zoxinzelelo.

Iringi ye-HDPE engundoqo edityaniswe neTee ye-Electrofusion.
Umbhobho ongaphantsi komhlaba ngokuqhelekileyo usebenzisa isitayile sombhobho “sokutyhala” sombhobho ocinezela igasket kwisithuba esakhiwe phakathi kweziqwenga ezibini ezidibanayo.I-Push-on joints ifumaneka kwiintlobo ezininzi zepayipi.I-lubricant edibeneyo yombhobho kufuneka isetyenziswe ekuhlanganiseni kombhobho.Phantsi kweemeko zokungcwatywa, imibhobho edibeneyo ye-gasket ivumela intshukumo esecaleni ngenxa yokuguquguquka komhlaba kunye nokwandiswa / ukucutheka ngenxa yokwahluka kobushushu.[11]Iplastiki ye-MDPE kunye ne-HDPE yegesi kunye nemibhobho yamanzi nayo ihlala idityaniswa kunye ne-Electrofusion fittings.

Umbhobho ongaphezulu komhlaba oqhele ukusebenzisa umdibaniso ophothiweyo, ofumaneka ngokubanzi kumbhobho wentsimbi wentsimbi kunye neminye.Isitayela se-gasket apho iiflange zemibhobho edibeneyo idityaniswe kunye, icinezela i-gasket kwisithuba phakathi kombhobho.

Ukudityaniswa kweMechanical grooved okanye ii-Victaulic joints nazo zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukuchithwa kunye nokuhlanganisana rhoqo.Yaphuhliswa ngeminyaka yee-1920s, ezi zidibaniselwano ze-mechanical grooved zinokusebenza ukuya kuthi ga kwi-120 pounds per square inch (830 kPa) yoxinzelelo lokusebenza kwaye zifumaneka kwizinto ezihambelana nebakala lombhobho.Olunye uhlobo lokudibanisa ngoomatshini lufakelwa ityhubhu engenamlilo (Iimpawu ezinkulu ziquka i-Swagelok, i-Ham-Let, i-Parker);Olu hlobo lofakelo loxinzelelo luqhele ukusetyenziswa kwityhubhu encinci engaphantsi kwe-intshi ezi-2 (51 mm) ububanzi.

Xa imibhobho ijoyina amagumbi apho amanye amacandelo afunekayo kulawulo lothungelwano (ezifana neevalufa okanye iigeyiji), iindawo zokuqhawula zisetyenziswa ngokubanzi, ukwenzela ukuba kube lula ukukhwela / ukuhla.

Izinto zokufakelwa kunye neevalvu

Ukufakwa kombhobho wobhedu
Ukufakwa kwakhona kusetyenziselwa ukwahlula okanye ukudibanisa inani lemibhobho kunye, kunye nezinye iinjongo.Iindidi ezibanzi zokufakelwa kwemibhobho esemgangathweni ziyafumaneka;zidla ngokuqhekeka zibe yitee, ingqiniba, isebe, isinciphisi/isikhuliseli, okanye iwye.Iivalvu zilawula ukuhamba kwamanzi kwaye zilawula uxinzelelo.Imibhobho nemibhobho yamanzi kunye namanqaku eevalvu axoxa ngazo ngokubhekele phaya.

Ukucoca
Inqaku eliphambili: Ukucoca iityhubhu

Umbhobho one-limescale buildup, ukunciphisa i-diameter yangaphakathi kakhulu.
Ngaphakathi kwimibhobho inokucocwa ngenkqubo yokucoca ityhubhu, ukuba ihlanjululwe nge-debris okanye i-fouling.Oku kuxhomekeke kwinkqubo eya kusetyenziswa umbhobho kunye nococeko olufunekayo kwinkqubo.Kwezinye iimeko imibhobho icocwa kusetyenziswa isixhobo sokufuduswa ngokusesikweni esaziwa ngokuba yiPipeline Inspection Gauge okanye “ihagu”;ngokutshintshanayo imibhobho okanye iityhubhu zinokugungxulwa ngokwekhemikhali kusetyenziswa izisombululo ezikhethekileyo ezimpontshwa.Kwezinye iimeko, apho unonophelo luthathiweyo ekwenzeni, ukugcinwa, kunye nokufakwa kombhobho kunye ne-tubing, imigca ivuthelwe icocekile ngomoya ocinezelweyo okanye i-nitrogen.