Isakhelo sensimbi yindlela yokwakha kunye "nesakhelo se-skeleton" yeentsika zetsimbi ezithe nkqo kunye ne-horizontal I-beams, eyakhiwe kwigridi yoxande ukuxhasa imigangatho, uphahla kunye neendonga zesakhiwo zonke ezifakwe kwisakhelo.Ukuphuhliswa kobu buchule kwenza ukuba ukwakhiwa kwe-skyscraper kwenzeke.
Intsimbi egobileyo "iprofayili" okanye icandelo elinqamlezayo leentsika zetsimbi lithatha imo yeleta "I".Iiflange ezimbini ezibanzi zekholamu zibanzi kwaye zibanzi kuneeflange kumqadi, ukuze zimelane ngcono noxinzelelo loxinzelelo kwisakhiwo.Amacandelo e-square kunye neengqungquthela ze-tubular zensimbi nazo zingasetyenziswa, zihlala zizaliswe ngekhonkrithi.Imiqadi yensimbi idityaniswe kwiikholamu kunye neebholiti kunye ne-threaded fasteners, kwaye ngokwembali ixhunywe ngama-rivets.I-central "web" yentsimbi ye-I-beam ihlala ibanzi ngaphezu kwekholamu yewebhu yokumelana nemizuzu ephezulu yokugoba eyenzeka kwimiqadi.
Amaphepha abanzi omgangatho wentsimbi angasetyenziselwa ukugubungela umphezulu wesakhelo sentsimbi njenge "ifom" okanye isikhunta se-corrugated mold, ngaphantsi komgangatho onzima wekhonkrithi kunye nemivalo yokuqinisa intsimbi.Enye indlela ethandwayo ngumgangatho we-concrete flooring units kunye nolunye uhlobo lwe-concrete topping.Ngokuqhelekileyo kwizakhiwo zeofisi, umgangatho wokugqibela unikezelwa ngolunye uhlobo lwenkqubo yomgangatho ophakanyisiweyo kunye nesithuba phakathi komphezulu wokuhamba kunye nomgangatho wesakhiwo osetyenziselwa iintambo kunye nemibhobho yokuphatha umoya.
Isakhelo sifuna ukukhuselwa emlilweni kuba intsimbi iyathamba kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kwaye oku kunokubangela ukuba isakhiwo sidilike.Kwimeko yeekholomu oku ngokuqhelekileyo kwenziwa ngokuyigubungela ngendlela ethile yesakhiwo sokumelana nomlilo njenge-masonry, ikhonkrithi okanye i-plasterboard.Imiqadi inokuthi ifakwe kwikhonkrithi, i-plasterboard okanye i-sprayed nge-coating ukuze ikhusele ukushisa komlilo okanye inokukhuselwa ngokwakhiwa kwesilingi esinganyangekiyo.I-Asbestos yayiyeyona nto idumileyo kwizakhiwo zentsimbi yokuthintela umlilo ukuya kuthi ga ekuqaleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, ngaphambi kokuba iingozi zempilo ye-asbestos ziqondwe ngokupheleleyo.
"Isikhumba" sangaphandle sesakhiwo sigxininiswe kwisakhelo sisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokwakha kunye nokulandela iindidi ezinkulu zeendlela zokwakha.Izitena, ilitye, ikhonkrithi eqinisiweyo, iglasi yezakhiwo, isinyithi sephepha kunye nepeyinti elula isetyenziselwe ukugubungela isakhelo ukukhusela intsimbi kwimozulu.
Iifreyimu zentsimbi ezibandayo zikwabizwa ngokuba yi-lightweight steel framing (LSF).
Amacwecwe amancinci esinyithi anokugodola abunjwe abe zizikhonkwane zentsimbi ukuze asetyenziswe njengesixhobo sokwakha esinesakhiwo okanye esingesosakhiwo kuzo zombini iindonga zangaphandle kunye nezahlulo kuzo zombini iiprojekthi zokwakha zokuhlala, zorhwebo kunye nezoshishino (ezifanekisiweyo).Ubungakanani begumbi bumiselwe ngomzila othe tye othe tyaba ogxininiswe emgangathweni kunye nesilingi ukucacisa igumbi ngalinye.Izikhonkwane ezithe nkqo zicwangciswe kwiindlela, ngokuqhelekileyo zihlukaniswe i-16 intshi (410 mm) ngaphandle, kwaye ziboshwe phezulu nasezantsi.
Iiprofayili eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kulwakhiwo lweendawo zokuhlala ziyi-C-shape stud kunye ne-U-shaped track, kunye nezinye iiprofayili ezahlukeneyo.Amalungu okuqulunqa ngokubanzi aveliswa kubunzima be-12 ukuya kwi-25 gauge.Iigeyiji ezinzima, ezifana ne-12 kunye ne-14 gauge, zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo xa imithwalo ye-axial (ehambelana nobude belungu) iphezulu, njengokwakhiwa komthwalo.Iigeyiji ezinobunzima obuphakathi, ezifana ne-16 kunye ne-18 geji, zidla ngokusetyenziswa xa kungekho mithwalo ye-axial kodwa imithwalo esecaleni enzima (perpendicular to the member) efana neziqobo zodonga lwangaphandle ezifuna ukuxhathisa imithwalo yomoya yenkanyamba ecaleni kwamanxweme.Iigeji zokukhanya, ezifana ne-25 gauge, zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo apho kungekho mthwalo we-axial kunye nemithwalo esecaleni elula kakhulu efana nolwakhiwo lwangaphakathi apho amalungu asebenza njengesakhelo sokudiliza iindonga phakathi kwamagumbi.Ukugqitywa kodonga kugxininiswe kumacala amabini e-flange e-stud, eyahluka ukusuka kwi-1+1⁄4 ukuya kwi-3 intshi (32 ukuya ku-76 mm) ubukhulu, kunye nobubanzi bewebhu ukusuka kwi-1+5⁄8 ukuya kwi-intshi ze-14 (41). ukuba 356 mm).Amacandelo angamaxande ayasuswa kwiwebhu ukunika ukufikelela kwiintambo zombane.
Iintsimbi zetsimbi zivelisa isinyithi sentsimbi, izinto ezisisiseko sokwenziwa kweeprofayili zetsimbi ezibandayo.Intsimbi yeshiti ke iye iqulunqwe ngokweeprofayili zokugqibela ezisetyenziselwa ukwenza isakhelo.Amaphepha afakwe i-zinc (i-galvanized) ukukhusela i-oxidation kunye ne-corrosion.Ukuqulunqwa kwentsimbi kubonelela ngobubhetyebhetye boyilo obugqwesileyo ngenxa yobungakanani bobunzima obuphezulu bentsimbi, obuyivumela ukuba ihambe imigama emide, kwaye ixhathise imithwalo yomoya kunye nenyikima.
Iindonga ezenziwe ngentsimbi zinokuthi ziyilwe ukuba zinikeze iimpawu ezibalaseleyo zokushisa kunye ne-acoustic - enye yeengcamango ezithile xa ukwakhiwa usebenzisa intsimbi epholileyo kukuba i-thermal bridging ingenzeka kuyo yonke inkqubo yodonga phakathi kwendawo yangaphandle kunye neendawo ezingaphakathi.Ibhulorho eshushu inokukhuselwa ngokufakela umaleko wesigqubuthelo esiqinileyo sangaphandle ecaleni kwesakhelo sentsimbi – okubizwa ngokuba 'kukuqhawulwa kwe-thermal'.
Isithuba phakathi kwee-studs siqhele ukuba yi-intshi ezili-16 embindini wendlu yangaphandle kunye neendonga zangaphakathi ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno eziyiliweyo zokulayisha.Kumagumbi e-ofisi isithuba yi-intshi ezingama-24 (610 mm) embindini wazo zonke iindonga ngaphandle kweelevayitha nezinyuko.
Ukusetyenziswa kwentsimbi endaweni yentsimbi ngeenjongo zokwakha kwakucotha.Isakhiwo sokuqala esakhiwe ngentsimbi, i-Ditherington Flax Mill, sakhiwe ngo-1797, kodwa kwada kwada kwada kwaphuhliswa inkqubo ye-Bessemer ngo-1855 ukuba ukuveliswa kwentsimbi kwenziwa ngokufanelekileyo ngokwaneleyo ukuba insimbi ibe yinto esetyenziswa ngokubanzi.Iintsimbi ezishibhile, ezazinamandla aphezulu kunye noxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye ne-ductility elungileyo, zazifumaneka malunga ne-1870, kodwa intsimbi esetyenzisiweyo kunye nentsimbi yaqhubeka nokwanelisa uninzi lweemfuno zemveliso yentsimbi, ngenxa yeengxaki zokuvelisa intsimbi kwi-alkaline ores.Ezi ngxaki, ezibangelwa ikakhulu kubukho be-phosphorus, zasonjululwa nguSidney Gilchrist Thomas ngowe-1879.
Kwakungekho de kwango-1880 ukuba kwaqala ixesha lokwakhiwa okusekelwe kwintsimbi ethembekileyo ethambileyo.Ngaloo mhla umgangatho weentsimbi eziveliswayo uye wahambelana ngokufanelekileyo.[1]
ISakhiwo se-Inshurensi yeKhaya, eyagqitywa ngo-1885, yaba yeyokuqala ukusebenzisa ulwakhiwo lwefreyim ye-skeleton, isusa ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi wokuthwala umthwalo wokugquma kwayo.Kule meko iintsika zentsimbi zifakwe nje kwiindonga, kwaye umthamo wazo wokuthwala umthwalo ubonakala ungowesibini kumthamo we-masonry, ngakumbi imithwalo yomoya.EUnited States, isakhiwo sokuqala esakhiwe ngentsimbi yayiyiRand McNally Building eChicago, eyakhiwa ngo-1890.
Ixesha lokuposa: Jun-06-2022